In addition to updating the 1980 norms and correcting such errors, we also wished to provide three new measures: confidence judgments, peer judgments, and commission errors.
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WHAT IS GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TEST UPDATE
Given the continued reliance on these measures, our primary goals were to (a) update the 1980 norms and assess shifts in knowledge that have occurred over the 32 years since they were collected, and (b) expand the 1980 norms by providing new measures for the questions. Their norms have been used widely in research investigating the processes involved in long-term memory (e.g., Fazio & Marsh, 2008 Hanley, 2011 Marsh, Meade, & Roediger, 2003 Murayama & Kuhbandner, 2011 Woltz, Gardner, & Gyll, 2000), those involved in metacognition (e.g., Barber, Rajaram, & Marsh, 2008 Metcalfe & Finn, 2011 Nelson, Leonesio, Shimamura, Landwehr, & Narens, 1982 Schwartz, 2001 Singer & Tiede, 2008 Weinstein & Roediger, 2010 Winne & Muis, 2011), and how all of these processes change over the lifespan (e.g., Cosentino, Metcalfe, Butterfield, & Stern, 2007 Dodson, Bawa, & Krueger, 2007 MacDonald, Dixon, Cohen, & Hazlitt, 2004 Mansueti, de Frias, Bub, & Dixon, 2008 Marsh, Balota, & Roediger, 2005 Metcalfe & Finn, 2012). They created 300 questions and assessed several cognitive and metacognitive measures, including the probability of recall and the latency to generate a response.
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Over three decades ago, Nelson and Narens ( 1980) published normative information for a set of questions over multiple domains of knowledge.